Sensation seeking and psychoactive substance consumption: differences between a consumer and a non-consumer sample

Introduction. Internationally, there have been several studies carried out in order to demonstrate the relationship between a high level of Sensation Seeking and illegal drug abuse. However, few studies in Colombia replicate those results. The objective is to examine the difference of Sensation Seeking personality trait and its subscales in the behaviour of drug abuse on two Colombian samples, consumers and non-consumers, measured through the Sensation Seeking Scale-V (Zuckerman & Kulhman, 1980). Sensation seeking and psychoactive substance consumption: differences between a consumer and a non-consumer sample Búsqueda de sensaciones y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas: diferencias entre una muestra de consumidores y una de no consumidores Busca de sensação e consumo de substâncias psicoativas: diferenças entre amostras de um consumidor e um não consumidor Iván González-Gallo, Psi., Sp., MSc.1, Laura Sofía Rueda-Fernández, St.2 1. Psychologist, Specialist and Magister in Consumer Psychology, Specialist in Management, Professor of Psychology Program at Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia. 2. Medical student at Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia. Correspondence: Iván González Gallo, Psychologist, Specialist and Magister on Consumer Psychology, Specialist in Management. Street 157 No. 14 55, Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia. E-mail: igonzalez279@ unab.edu.co Citation: González-Gallo I, Rueda-Fernández LS. Sensation seeking and psychoactive substance consumption: differences between a consumer and a non-consumer sample. MedUNAB. 2019;22(1):32-37. doi:10.29375/01237047.2726 Iván González-Gallo, Laura Sofía Rueda-Fernández


Introduction
The addiction phenomenon significantly affects the quality of life of young people (1). This phenomenon often occurs at a time when young people begin to be influenced by their peer group. Families, in many cases, do not recognize effective ways to guide young people to appropriately manage negative peer pressure (2). In addition to the lack of parenting guidelines, there are plenty of possible menacing situations that may arise within the family or individual level. For Quiroz, inadequate management of emotions, lack of communication, lack of support and low capacity in conflict resolution foster a strong influence on the onset of addictive behaviour (3).
Currently, increasing frequency of substance addiction is a worrying issue. This data highlights that there is a wide availability of psychoactive substances in Colombia. Inequities of social and economic factors preceding the trend reinforce the consumption of these substances, predominantly in young population groups (4). It was determined that 5.9 % of population consume illegal drugs (marijuana, cocaine, crack cocaine or heroin), estimated at over one million one hundred thousand men, as well as three hundred thousand women. There is a steady increase in the consumption of these substances parallel to the level of schooling, reaching the highest value in the incomplete university level (13.8 %), then decreasing as the education level continues to increase. In 2009, Simich et. al concluded that around 180 thousand people (0.8 %) actively consumed psychoactive substances. Consumption significantly predominates between 18 and 24 year-olds (1.7 %) (5). Between 2008 and 2012, percentages of students who use marijuana and other illicit drugs increased from 1.9 % to 4.0 %; the use of other substances, such as cocaine, increased by 52 % (4). Data suggests that drug abuse is more prevalent within younger age groups (6)(7)(8)(9). Different research carried out in countries such as Argentina, United States and France show that personality trait Sensation Seeking is significantly correlated with the execution of risky behaviour and an important factor in the strengthening of addictive behaviours (10)(11)(12). Sensation Seeking is defined as the search of intense, new, varied and complex experiences involving the participation of conducts associated with physical and social risk (13)(14)(15)(16). Within this context, the word "search" is used because it implies an active stance that characterizes the subjects that score high in this dimension. It reflects the positive nature of the actions associated with this trait. In "poor" stimuli situations, high sensation-seekers dynamically pursue greater activity, creating or accessing to sources of risk to alleviate their discomfort.
Marvin Zuckerman, the author of the Sensation Seeking theory, made major contributions by way of providing a conceptual and methodological framework from which empirically measure the relationship between substance use and stimulation necessity. Since its inception in the 1960s, Sensation Seeking has continued to be the focus of a wide avalanche of studies. These studies have approached its functional operation, relation to other dimensions of personality, biological foundations, social determinants and their demographic, cognitive, attitudinal and behavioural correlates. The study of the Sensation Seeking personality dimension appears strongly linked to what research tradition refers to as "optimal level of stimulation" or "optimal level of arousal" (13).

Palavras-Chave:
Assunção de riscos; Drogas ilícitas; Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias; Personalidade; Saúde mental. is considered necessary to search for a relation between both particular personality trait and risky behaviour in order to enrich the state of art of the drug consumption problematic. In addition, it is important to see if results from other countries replicate in Colombian samples, with different social and economic backgrounds than the populations previously studied.

Methodology
The present research uses a quantitative nonexperimental cross-sectional design.

Participants
A sample of 341 adult subjects, aged 18 -41, 171 consumers of psychoactive drugs and 169 nonconsumers of psychoactive drugs, from Bucaramanga, Colombia, evaluated with Sensation Seeking Scale V (Zuckerman & Kulhman, 1980). Sample was selected in order to find differences between consumers and non-consumers.

Instrument
Sensation Seeking Scale version V by Zuckerman & Kulhman, standardized for Spanish speaking countries. The scale has 40 items and includes the subscales Thrill and Adventure Seeking (TAS), ES, Dis, BS, and a total sensation seeking score. The psychometric properties of the Spanish version are very similar to those observed in the original English version (14,18). Cronbach alpha coefficients for the total score ranged from 0.83 to 0.86, and 0.6 to 0.8 for the subscales.

Procedure
Every participant filled an informed consent before answering the test, granting anonymity. For the consumer group sample was found in drug rehabilitation facilities, while non-consumer sample was selected within students who declared they did not consume tobacco or any illegal drug, were not in any intoxication state and did not take more than 5 drinks of alcoholic beverages per week. Data was gathered and then analysed using statistical software SPSS. Figure 1 shows the distribution of the sample by age group, with 50.2 % of consumers sample and 50.4 % of non-consumers sample within the first one (18 to 23 years), 35.1 % and 35.4 % from consumers and nonconsumers sample, respectively, within 24 to 29 years, 9.2 % (consumers) and 11.2 % (non-consumers) within 30 to 35 years and only 4 % of the non-consumer sample was classified within 36 to 41 years of age. Source: Elaborated by the authors from medium-high to high presence of the trait, meaning that consumers in the sample present an above than average level of the trait. On the other hand, the levels of standardized Sensation Seeking scores obtained in the sample classified as non-consumers show medium presence of the trait (19). Table 1 shows the results of Mann-Whitney signed rank test applied to the data obtained from the consumer and non-consumer sample groups. This analysis shows that the null hypothesis is rejected in the total scale and all its subscales except by Boredom Susceptibility (BS). This means that there is a statistically significant difference between both subgroups regarding Sensation Seeking trait, as shown in Figure 3. Therefore, Sensation Seeking is a trait involved in the phenomena of drug consumption in the assessed sample.

Discussion
This research shows that there is a statistically significant difference in the level of Sensation Seeking trait between consumers and non-consumers of psychoactive substances, in a Colombian sample, replicating the results found internationally. This is coherent with reports on literature regarding the influence of that particular personality trait (10)(11)(12)(13)(17)(18)(19)(20). There is also statistical difference between subtraits Thrill and Adventure Seeking, Experience Seeking and Disinhibition of consumers and non-consumers, but not in Boredom Susceptibility. These studies have been done in different cultures, showing that the effect could be independent of social differentiations among samples. It is important to address these results into current interventions (both clinical and psychosocial) in order to improve its effects.

Conclusion
There is a significant difference in Sensation Seeking and three of its subscales (Thrill and Adventure Seeking, Experience Seeking and Disinhibition) between consumers and non-consumers of illegal drugs in the assessed sample. This is coherent with cross-cultural studies in which, uniformly, there is a statistical significant difference shown between consumers and non-consumers of psychoactive drugs (12,13,20). These results are relevant in noticing individual and genetic factors involved in the addressed phenomena and the necessity of designing intervention and prevention programs integrating variables regarding personality and differential subject factors, in order to have better outcomes in prevention and treatment of substance abuse.

Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interests to disclose.