Modelo teórico, agentes, estrategias, duración, escenarios para la implementación, grado escolar e indicadores de resultados utilizados en los programas de promoción de la actividad física en el contexto escolar
Resumen
Introducción: El propósito del presente estudio es analizar el modelo teórico, agentes, estrategias, duración, escenarios de implementación, grado escolar e indicadores de resultados, utilizados en los programas de promoción de la actividad física en el contexto escolar desarrollados en el ámbito internacional en los últimos veinticinco años. Método: Se realizó una revisión de los diferentes estudios que desarrollaron programas de actividad física encaminada a la salud en el contexto escolar. Se utilizaron y combinaron diversas estrategias de búsqueda, manuales y electrónicas. Resultados: Siete estudios utilizaron modelos teóricos para el diseño de los programas. Los principales agentes involucrados en la implementación de los programas fueron los docentes de educación física (EF), y los estudiantes. El escenario para la implementación se ubicó básicamente en la clase de educación física. Las estrategias estaban dirigidas principalmente a modificar el currículo de las clases de EF. Las intervenciones se orientaron fundamental-mente a niños de escuela elemental. La duración variaba entre 1 y 12 meses. Los indicadores utilizados para verificar el impacto del programa fueron: incremento en la cantidad de AF, IMC, y peso corporal. La mayor parte de estos estudios se llevó a cabo en escuelas de Estados Unidos, Canadá, India, Reino Unido e Irán. Conclusiones: A pesar de los resultados positivos obtenidos en cada una de las intervenciones, se identificó heterogeneidad: en la metodología, población, actores involucrados e indicadores de eficacia, lo cual no permite realizar comparaciones entre los diferentes estudios.
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